DotFiles

dotfiles are ususually user-specific, a predestined place for them is the $HOME directory

Installation

Clone git repository

 git clone https://github.com/yimjiajun/.dotfiles.git ~/.dotfiles

Run install.sh to start install ¹
```
 ~/.dotfiles/install.sh
```

Application

this will installed when called ~/.dotfiles/install.sh or ~/.dotfiles/install.sh --app)

$USER

	Name	Description
1	Manager	Invokes installed tools
2	System	Indicates and Control system information
3	Network	Indicates and Control device Network
4	Memory	Indicates device disk usage

Tools

	Name	Description
1	bpytop	Linux/OSX/FreeBSD resource monitor
2	buku	Personal mini-web in text
3	clangd	clangd understands your C++ code and adds smart features to your editor
4	cron	command-line utility is a job scheduler on Unix-like operating systems
5	ctags	generates an index (or tag) file of language objects found in source files for programming languages
6	curl	command lines or scripts to transfer data
7	fzf	A command-line fuzzy finder
8	git	distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.
9	gpg	GnuPG allows you to encrypt and sign your data and communications
10	htop	cross-platform interactive process viewer
11	khal	standards based CLI and terminal calendar program, able to synchronize with CalDAV servers through vdirsyncer.
12	lazygit	simple terminal UI for git commands
13	mdbook	Create book from markdown files. Like Gitbook but implemented in Rust
14	ncdu	disk usage analyzer with an ncurses interface.
15	notify-send	a program to send desktop notifications
16	pass	each password lives inside of a gpg encrypted file whose filename is the title of the website or resource that requires the password
17	picocom	Minimal dumb-terminal emulation program
18	ranger	A VIM-inspired filemanager for the console
19	ripgrep	About ripgrep recursively searches directories for a regex pattern while respecting your gitignore
20	rust	Empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software.
21	ssh	cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network
22	tar	create Archive and extract the Archive files.
23	tmux	Terminal multiplexer. It lets you switch easily between several programs in one terminal
24	usbipd	Windows software for sharing locally connected USB devices to other machines, including Hyper-V guests and WSL 2.
25	wireless-tools	Collection of user-space utilities written for Linux kernel-based operating systems to support and facilitate the configuration of device drivers of wireless network interface controllers
26	xdg-utils	Utilities for integrating applications with the desktop environment, regardless of which desktop environment is used

Project

	Name	Description
1	zephyr	small-footprint kernel designed for use on resource-constrained and embedded systems

NeoVim

Vim is a highly configurable text editor built to make creating and changing any kind of text very efficient. It is included as "vi" with most UNIX systems and with Apple OS X.

Link

.dotfiles Guide and Introduction

install specific project. ~/.dotfiles/install.sh --tools or ~/.dotfiles/install.sh --prj. ~/.dotfiles/install.sh --help for more information ↩

Dotfiles

Bluetooth

Connect to a Bluetooth device via the terminal.

This process involves configuring our Bluetooth controller, pairing it to our target device.

reference: Connect to Bluetooth Device via the Terminal

Bluetooth - Interactive

Interactive Bluetooth control tools

bluetoothctl

Output response: Interactive shell

Agent registered
[bluetooth]#

Bluetooth - Controller Status

bluetoothctl show

Output response:

Powered: yes

Pairable: yes

discoverable: no

Discovering: no

Controller DC:41:A9:1F:E2:61 (public)
        Name: R
        Alias: R
        Class: 0x006c010c
        Powered: yes
        Discoverable: no
        DiscoverableTimeout: 0x000000b4
        Pairable: yes
        UUID: A/V Remote Control        (0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Handsfree Audio Gateway   (0000111f-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: PnP Information           (00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Audio Sink                (0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Headset                   (00001108-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: A/V Remote Control Target (0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Generic Access Profile    (00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Audio Source              (0000110a-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Generic Attribute Profile (00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Device Information        (0000180a-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        Modalias: usb:v1D6Bp0246d0540
        Discovering: no
        Roles: central
        Roles: peripheral
Advertising Features:
        ActiveInstances: 0x00 (0)
        SupportedInstances: 0x08 (8)
        SupportedIncludes: tx-power
        SupportedIncludes: appearance
        SupportedIncludes: local-name
        SupportedSecondaryChannels: 1M
        SupportedSecondaryChannels: 2M
        SupportedSecondaryChannels: Coded

Bluetooth - Multiple Controllers

When local device / computer supporting multiple Bluetooth controller, must ensure we select the correct one before connecting.

List of connected Bluetooth controllers

Reference: Using Multiple Bluetooth Controller

bluetoothctl list

Select a default controller

Select a Bluetooth controller by MAC address

For convenient, using controller name convert to MAC address:

read "Choose a name of default controller" dev_name
bluetoothctl select $(bluetoothctl list | grep "$dev_name" | awk '{ print $2 }')

Bluetooth - Controller Power On

Turn on Bluetooth controller, when powered is off ( Powered: no )

bluetoothctl power on

Output response: power on

Changing power on succeeded

Bluetooth - Discoverable Controller

Start discover by Bluetooth controller, when Discoverable is off (Discoverable: no)

bluetoothctl discoverable on

Output response: Discoverable: yes

Changing discoverable on succeeded

Bluetooth - Pairable Controller

Turn on controller to pairs, when controller is not pairable ( Pairable: no )

bluetoothctl pairable on

Output response: pairable

Changing pairable on succeeded

Bluetooth - Scan devices

Enter Discovery Mode

Start scan discovering Bluetooth device, enter Discovery Mode

bluetoothctl scan on

Press ctrl + z to keep scanning in background, when discovered the Bluetooth device

scanning should stop after paired Bluetooth device

Output response: start discovery

Discovery started

[CHG] Device 7A:CE:82:C3:C2:C8 RSSI: -63
[CHG] Device 39:EF:AD:84:E4:A4 RSSI: -75
[NEW] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D [TV] Samsung TU7000 55 TV
...
[NEW] Device F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1 WH-XB910N
[NEW] Device 45:D3:C5:29:AA:E8 45-D3-C5-29-AA-E8
...

Exit Dicovery Mode

We have keep scanning the Bluetooth device in background bring the bluetoothctl scan to foreground and stop it to exit Discovery Mode

fg

Press ctrl + c stop bluetoothctl scan to exit Discovery Mode

Bluetooth - Lists scanned / discovered devices

List all been scan / discovered Bluetooth device by scan

bluetoothctl devices

Output response: available Bluetooth devices

...
Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D [TV] Samsung TU7000 55 TV
...

Device F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1 WH-XB910N
...

Bluetooth - Pairs device

Pair a Bluetooth device by MAC address

For convenient, using device name convert to MAC address:

read -p "Enter Bluetooth Device name to pair" dev_name
bluetoothctl pair  $(bluetoothctl devices | grep "$dev_name" | awk '{ print $2 }')

Example: WH-XB910N

bluetoothctl pair  $(bluetoothctl devices | grep 'WH-XB910N' | awk '{ print $2 }')

Output response: pairing successful

attempting to pair with f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 connected: yes
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 00000000-deca-fade-deca-deafdecacaff
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 00001108-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000111e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 764cbf0d-bbcb-438f-a8bb-6b92759d6053
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 81c2e72a-0591-443e-a1ff-05f988593351
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 8901dfa8-5c7e-4d8f-9f0c-c2b70683f5f0
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 931c7e8a-540f-4686-b798-e8df0a2ad9f7
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 956c7b26-d49a-4ba8-b03f-b17d393cb6e2
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: df21fe2c-2515-4fdb-8886-f12c4d67927c
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: f8d1fbe4-7966-4334-8024-ff96c9330e15
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 servicesresolved: yes
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 paired: yes
pairing successful

Bluetooth - Connects Paired Device

Connects a Bluetooth device by MAC address

For convenient, using device name convert to MAC address:

read -p "Enter Bluetooth Device name to connect" dev_name
bluetoothctl connect \
$(bluetoothctl devices | grep "$dev_name" | awk '{ print $2 }')

Example: WH-XB910N

bluetoothctl connect \
$(bluetoothctl devices | grep 'WH-XB910N' | awk '{ print $2 }')

Output response: Connection successful

Attempting to connect to F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1
[CHG] Device 4A:1D:1F:45:53:18 ManufacturerData Key: 0x004c
[CHG] Device 4A:1D:1F:45:53:18 ManufacturerData Value:
  0f 05 80 35 02 04 9c 10 03 73 0d 18              ...5.....s..
[NEW] Device 72:FC:FF:53:FA:3F 72-FC-FF-53-FA-3F
[CHG] Device A8:51:AB:0F:FB:6F RSSI: -65
[NEW] Device 5A:83:EF:6B:7B:6C 5A-83-EF-6B-7B-6C
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Key: 0xff19
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Value:
  00 75 00 09 01 00 00 00 06 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  .u..............
  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                          ........
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Key: 0x0075
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Value:
  42 04 01 20 67 21 0d 00 02 01 37 01 01 00 01 00  B.. g!....7.....
  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0e                          ........
[CHG] Device 65:2C:86:67:CB:87 RSSI: -78
[NEW] Device 64:87:14:42:D7:F0 64-87-14-42-D7-F0
[CHG] Device F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1 Connected: yes
Connection successful

Bluetooth - Connection

Initialization

Interactive with bluetoothd daemon

bluetoothctl

Output response: Interactive shell

Agent registered
[bluetooth]#

Show available Bluetooth controller(s)

bluetoothctl show

Output response:

Powered: yes

Pairable: yes

discoverable: no

Discovering: no

Controller DC:41:A9:1F:E2:61 (public)
        Name: R
        Alias: R
        Class: 0x006c010c
        Powered: yes
        Discoverable: no
        DiscoverableTimeout: 0x000000b4
        Pairable: yes
        UUID: A/V Remote Control        (0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Handsfree Audio Gateway   (0000111f-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: PnP Information           (00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Audio Sink                (0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Headset                   (00001108-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: A/V Remote Control Target (0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Generic Access Profile    (00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Audio Source              (0000110a-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Generic Attribute Profile (00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        UUID: Device Information        (0000180a-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
        Modalias: usb:v1D6Bp0246d0540
        Discovering: no
        Roles: central
        Roles: peripheral
Advertising Features:
        ActiveInstances: 0x00 (0)
        SupportedInstances: 0x08 (8)
        SupportedIncludes: tx-power
        SupportedIncludes: appearance
        SupportedIncludes: local-name
        SupportedSecondaryChannels: 1M
        SupportedSecondaryChannels: 2M
        SupportedSecondaryChannels: Coded

Power on Bluetooth controller

Turn on Bluetooth controller, when powered is off ( Powered: no )

bluetoothctl power on

Output response: power on

Changing power on succeeded

Discover Bluetooth Controller

Start discover by Bluetooth controller, when Discoverable is off ( Discoverable: no )

bluetoothctl discoverable on

Output response: Discoverable: yes

Changing discoverable on succeeded

Enable controller to pairable

Turn on controller to pairs, when controller is not pairable ( Pairable: no )

bluetoothctl pairable on

Output response: pairable

Changing pairable on succeeded

Discovery Bluetooth Device

Discovery Mode

Scan discovering device

Start scan discovering Bluetooth device, enter Discovery Mode

bluetoothctl scan on

Press ctrl + z to keep scanning in background (stop after pair), when discovered the Bluetooth device

scanning should stop after paired Bluetooth device

Output response: start discovery

Discovery started

[CHG] Device 7A:CE:82:C3:C2:C8 RSSI: -63
[CHG] Device 39:EF:AD:84:E4:A4 RSSI: -75
[NEW] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D [TV] Samsung TU7000 55 TV
...
[NEW] Device F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1 WH-XB910N
[NEW] Device 45:D3:C5:29:AA:E8 45-D3-C5-29-AA-E8
...

List all scanned Bluetooth devices

List all been scan / discovered Bluetooth device by scan

bluetoothctl devices

Output response: available Bluetooth devices

...
Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D [TV] Samsung TU7000 55 TV
...

Device F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1 WH-XB910N
...

Connect to Bluetooth Device

Pairing Bluetooth device

Pair a Bluetooth device by MAC address

For convenient, using device name convert to MAC address:

read -p "Enter Bluetooth Device name to pair" dev_name
bluetoothctl pair  $(bluetoothctl devices | grep "$dev_name" | awk '{ print $2 }')

Example: WH-XB910N

bluetoothctl pair  $(bluetoothctl devices | grep 'WH-XB910N' | awk '{ print $2 }')

Output response: pairing successful

attempting to pair with f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 connected: yes
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 00000000-deca-fade-deca-deafdecacaff
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 00001108-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 0000111e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 764cbf0d-bbcb-438f-a8bb-6b92759d6053
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 81c2e72a-0591-443e-a1ff-05f988593351
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 8901dfa8-5c7e-4d8f-9f0c-c2b70683f5f0
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 931c7e8a-540f-4686-b798-e8df0a2ad9f7
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: 956c7b26-d49a-4ba8-b03f-b17d393cb6e2
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: df21fe2c-2515-4fdb-8886-f12c4d67927c
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 uuids: f8d1fbe4-7966-4334-8024-ff96c9330e15
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 servicesresolved: yes
[chg] device f8:4e:17:a7:72:d1 paired: yes
pairing successful

Stop Scanning

We have keep scanning the Bluetooth device in background, bring the bluetoothctl scan to foreground and stop it to exit Discovery Mode

fg

Press ctrl + c stop bluetoothctl scan to exit Discovery Mode

Connect to paired Bluetooth device

Connects a Bluetooth device by MAC address

For convenient, using device name convert to MAC address:

read -p "Enter Bluetooth Device name to connect" dev_name
bluetoothctl connect \
$(bluetoothctl devices | grep "$dev_name" | awk '{ print $2 }')

Example: WH-XB910N

bluetoothctl connect \
$(bluetoothctl devices | grep 'WH-XB910N' | awk '{ print $2 }')

Output response: Connection successful

Attempting to connect to F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1
[CHG] Device 4A:1D:1F:45:53:18 ManufacturerData Key: 0x004c
[CHG] Device 4A:1D:1F:45:53:18 ManufacturerData Value:
  0f 05 80 35 02 04 9c 10 03 73 0d 18              ...5.....s..
[NEW] Device 72:FC:FF:53:FA:3F 72-FC-FF-53-FA-3F
[CHG] Device A8:51:AB:0F:FB:6F RSSI: -65
[NEW] Device 5A:83:EF:6B:7B:6C 5A-83-EF-6B-7B-6C
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Key: 0xff19
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Value:
  00 75 00 09 01 00 00 00 06 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  .u..............
  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                          ........
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Key: 0x0075
[CHG] Device 10:2B:41:17:19:7D ManufacturerData Value:
  42 04 01 20 67 21 0d 00 02 01 37 01 01 00 01 00  B.. g!....7.....
  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0e                          ........
[CHG] Device 65:2C:86:67:CB:87 RSSI: -78
[NEW] Device 64:87:14:42:D7:F0 64-87-14-42-D7-F0
[CHG] Device F8:4E:17:A7:72:D1 Connected: yes
Connection successful

Multiple Bluetooth Controller

When local device / computer supporting multiple Bluetooth controller, must ensure we select the correct one before connecting.

List of connected Bluetooth controllers

Reference: Using Multiple Bluetooth Controller

bluetoothctl list

Select a default controller

Select a Bluetooth controller by MAC address

For convenient, using controller name convert to MAC address:

read "Choose a name of default controller" dev_name
bluetoothctl select $(bluetoothctl list | grep "$dev_name" | awk '{ print $2 }')

cron

Execute scheduled commands

cron is daemon to execute scheduled commands

crontab is maintain crontab files for individual users

crontab is the program used to install, deinstall or list the tables used to drive the cron(8) daemon in Vixie Cron.
Each user can have their own crontab, and though these are files in /var/spool/cron/crontabs, they are not intended to be edited directly.

	Sections	sub-Sections
1	Format
2	Usage	editor
		file
3	Lists
4	Delete
5	Files
6	Permission

cron - Format

* * * * * <command>
| | | | |
| | | | +---- Day of the week (0 - 6) (Sunday to Saturday, 7 is also Sunday on some systems)
| | | +------ Month (1 - 12)
| | +-------- Day of the month (1 - 31)
| +---------- Hour (0 - 23)
+------------ Minute (0 - 59)

1. *: any or every value for specific time field

example:
- 0 * * * *: every 1 hour (at minute 0)

2. */<num>: every specific time filed

example:
- * */2 * * * : every 2 hours

3. Schedule command will not source .bashrc

ensure not using aliases or function defined in .bashrc

cron - Usage

crontab x default text editor

crontab -e

Benefit of using crontab with default editor

1. Syntax Validation

Checks the syntax of the crontab entries to ensure they are correctly formatted. This helps prevent mistakes that could lead to unintended consequences or errors.

2. File Locking

The crontab command handles file locking to ensure that multiple users cannot simultaneously edit the crontab file, reducing the risk of conflicts.

3. Reloads the Cron Daemon

When you update the crontab using the crontab command, it automatically notifies the cron daemon about the changes. This ensures that the new schedule takes effect immediately without needing to restart the cron daemon.

4. Permissions and Security

The crontab command performs permission checks to ensure that only authorized users can modify the crontab. This is crucial for system security.

Directly editing the crontab file manually using a text editor (without using crontab command) is discouraged and can lead to problems, such as syntax errors, file locking issues, or incorrect permissions. If you make mistakes in the crontab file, it could potentially cause cron jobs to fail or not execute as intended.

crontab x file

Schedule command maintain from provided file

crontab -u $USER <file>

cron - Lists scheduled command

crontab -l

cron - Delete

Delete user scheduled command

crontab -r $USER

cron - Files

/var/spool/cron/crontabs/

cron - Permissions

Limit the scheduled command to run

/etc/cron.allow
/etc/cron.deny

Dediprog

Founded in 2005 in Taiwan, DediProg has been the leading brand in providing IC programming devices and IC test sockets. They combine the efficiency of programming hardware with infrastructure software from a diversity of industry leaders to deliver a total IC programming solution for customers.

Guide

Dediprog - Linux Guide

Topic

index	Section
1	General Description
2	Root Privileges
3	USB Installation
4	Source Code Compile
5	Introduction	Basic Usages
		Basic Switches
		Miscellaneous Options

I. General Description

DediProg have developed command line interface (DpCmd) especially for Linux operating system, which provide various command for the user's programming needs. This allows the user to have more flexibility in developing own software to call "DpCmd" thus add convenient IC programming.

II. Root Privileges

Root rights is required before each execution of "DpCmd", so DediProg has provided a script (setup\_udev.sh) which the user needs to execute as Root before executing the "DpCmd" for the first time, then "DpCmd" can be executed directly.

III. USB Installation

Using Linux command to Installed USB driver.

Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install libusb-dev

Fedora/Centos: sudo yum install libusb-devel

IV. Source Code Compile

Download SF100Linux source code from https://github.com/DediProgSW/SF100Linux, and to compile code by "make". DpCmd execution file will be released.

V. Introduction

4.1 Basic Usages

1. dpcmd --r "f:\file.bin",

reads the chip and save it into a file "file.bin" in Partition f

2. dpcmd --r STDOUT --a 0x100 -l 0x23,

reads 0x23 bytes starting from 0x100 and display it on the screen

3. dpcmd --u f:\file.bin,

erases and then program file.bin in Partition f into the serial flash

4. dpcmd --p f:\file.bin --a 0x100,

writes file.bin in Partition f into the serial flash starting from address 0x100

5. dpcmd --p f:\file.bin --x 0xaa,

programs file.bin in Partition f into the serial flash and fill the rest area with 0xaa

Remarks: -a, -l only works with -p, -r, -s

Remarks: -x only works with -p

Remarks: space is not needed between the switches parameters. E.g. dpcmd --uf:\file.bin

4.2 Basic Switches

Argument	Description
-? [ --help ]	show this help message
--list	print supported chip list
-d [ --detect ]	detect chip
-b [ --blank ]	blank check
-e [ --erase ]	erase entire chip
-r [ --read ] arg	read chip contents and save to a bin/hex/s19 file
-p [ --prog ] arg	program chip without erase
-u [ --auto ] arg	automatically run the following sequence:
	- Read the memory content
	- Compare the memory content
	- Erase only the sectors with some differences
	- Program only the erased sectors with file data from address 0
-z [ --batch ] arg	automatically run the following sequence:
	- check if the chip is blank or not;
	- erase the entire chip(if not blank);
	- program a whole file starting from address 0
-s [ --sum ]	display chip content checksum
-f [ --fsum ] arg	display the file checksum
	- needs to work with a file
--raw-instruction arg	issue raw serial flash instructions.
	- needs to work with a file issue raw serial flash instructions.
	- use spaces(" ") to delimit bytes.
	- instructions must be enclosed in double quotation marks("")
	Example:
	dpcmd --raw-instruction "03 FF 00 12"
--raw-require-return arg	decimal bytes of result to return in decimal after issuing raw instructions.
(=0)
	- used along with
	--raw-instruction only.
	Example:
	dpcmd --raw-instruction "03 FF 00 12" --raw-require-return

4.3 Optional Switches that add fine-tune ability to Basic Switches:

Argument	Description
-a [ --addr ] arg	hexadecimal starting address hexadecimal (e.g. 0x1000),
	- works with
	--prog/read/sum/auto only
	- defaults to 0, if omitted.
-l [ --length ] arg	hexadecimal length to read/program in bytes,
	- works with
	--prog/read/sum/auto only
	- defaults to whole file if
	omitted
-v [ --verify ]	verify checksum file and chip
	- works with --prog/auto only
-x [ --fill ] arg (=FF)	fill spare space with an hex value(e.g.FF),
	- works with --prog, --auto only
--type arg	Specify a type to override auto detection
	- use --list arguement to look up supported type.
--lock-start arg	hexadecimal starting address(e.g.0x1000),
	- works with
	--prog/read/sum/auto only
	- defaults to 0, if omitted.
--lock-length arg	hexadecimal length of area that will be kept unchanged while updating
	- used along with --auto only.
--blink arg	- 1: Blink the programmer connected to USB1 3 times.
--list-device-id arg	- 1: Prompt the device ID of programmer connected to USB1.

4.4 Miscellaneous options

Note:

The programming operation always uses the default value for command.
If users want to use other setting, must add the wanted option to every command.
-t [ --timeout ] arg (=300)

Timeout value in seconds

Argument	Description
-g [ --target ] arg (=1)	Target Options
	Available values:
	1, Chip 1(Default)
	2, Chip 2
	3, Socket
	0, reference card
--vcc arg (=0)	specify vcc
	0, 3.5V(Default)
	1, 2.5V
	2, 1.8V
	1800 ~ 3800, 1.8 ~ 3.8V minimum step 100mV) (For SF600/SF600Plus only)
--vpp	apply vpp when the memory chip supports it
	- work with --prog and
	--erase.
--log arg	Record the operation result in given/appointed .txt file
	Example:
	./dpcmd --log /tmp/log.txt

	Note: If user didn't use this command, the operation result will be recorded in "log.txt"
-i [ --silent ]	supress the display of real-time timer counting
	- used when integrating with 3rd-party tools(e.g. IDE)
--spi-clk arg (=2)	specify SPI clock:
	2, 12 MHz(Default)
	0, 24 MHz
	1, 8 MHz
	3, 3 MHz
	4, 2.18 MHz
	5, 1.5 MHz
	6, 750 KHz
	7, 375 KHz
--set-io1 arg (=0)	specify Level of IO1(SF100) or GPIO1(SF600/SF600Plus):
	0, Low(Default)
	1, High
--set-io4 arg (=1)	specify Level of IO4(SF100) or GPIO2(SF600/SF600Plus):
	0, Low
	1, High(Default)

Drivers

Topic

USB

Power

Drivers - USB

Power

USB - power

uhubctl - USB hub per-port power control

Installation

install uhubctl by package
```
sudo apt-get install uhubctl
```

Usage

Turn Off usb power

echo '1-1' | sudo tee /sys/bus/usb/drivers/usb/unbind

Turn On usb power

echo '1-1' | sudo tee /sys/bus/usb/drivers/usb/bind

GPG

GnuPG is a complete and free implementation of the OpenPGP standard as defined by RFC4880 (also known as PGP).

GnuPG allows you to encrypt and sign your data and communications;

It features a versatile key management system, along with access modules for all kinds of public key directories.

GnuPG, also known as GPG, is a command line tool with features for easy integration with other applications.

Topic

	Sections	sub-sections
1	Generate Key
2	Lists Key
3	Export Key
4	Import Key

GPG - Generate Keypairs

1. generate a gpg key

gpg --gen-key

gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.27; Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Note: Use "gpg --full-generate-key" for a full featured key generation dialog.

GnuPG needs to construct a user ID to identify your key.

2. Enter a real name

Real name: Richard Yim

3. Enter a email

Email address: RichardYim@ami.com

4. Confirm information

You selected this USER-ID:
    "Richard Yim <RichardYim@ami.com>"

Change (N)ame, (E)mail, or (O)kay/(Q)uit?

5. Enter the passphrase (make sure remembered)

passphrase is better with digit(s) or special-character(s)

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Please enter the passphrase to                       │
│ protect your new key                                 │
│                                                      │
│ Passphrase: ________________________________________ │
│                                                      │
│       <OK>                              <Cancel>     │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
...
gpg: /home/jun/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
...
public and secret key created and signed.

pub rsa3072 2023-07-22 [SC] [expires: 2025-07-21]
(...pub key id here...)
uid Richard Yim richardyim@ami.com
sub rsa3072 2023-07-22 [E] [expires: 2025-07-21]

id of key: pub
expires date of key: sub ... [expires: 2025-07-21]

Modify expires date

1. Edit with public key ID

gpg --edit-key <id of pub key>

2. Insert expires in STDIN

gpg> expires

3. Select expires date

Changing expiration time for the primary key.
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
= key expires in n days
w = key expires in n weeks
m = key expires in n months
y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0)

GPG - Lists keypairs

Lists public keys

gpg -k

Lists secret keys (private key)

gpg -K

GPG - Export Key

1. Create a new folder for export key

cd $(mktemp -d)

2. Export public key with id (email)

gpg --output public.pgp --armor --export richardyim@ami.com

3. Export private key with id (email)

gpg --output private.pgp --armor --export-secret-key richardyim@ami.com

GPG - Import Key

1. Import private key

gpg --import private.pgp

2. Import public key

gpg --import public.pgp

3. Trust the key with id (email)

gpg --edit-key <id>

trust and Press Enter

gpg> trust

1 = I don't know or won't say
2 = I do NOT trust
3 = I trust marginally
4 = I trust fully
5 = I trust ultimately
m = back to the main menu

5 to trust the key ultimately

Your dicision? 5

y to confirm trust the key

Do you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y

save save the setting

gpg> save

Khal

Introduction

Khal is a standards based CLI and terminal calendar program, able to synchronize with CalDAV servers through vdirsyncer.

Khal - Usage

Topic

	sections	sub-sections
1	Agenda
2	Event Today
3	New Event	single cli
		interactive cli
4	Interactive

Agenda

khal calendar

Event Today

khal list today

will indicate with tomorrow event if events available

New event

Single CLI

khal new

Interactive CLI

khal new -i

Interactive

khal interactive

ikhal

move to specific date and press Enter
press n to create new event
edit with normal keyboard without vi-mode

create/modify event keys (no vi-mode):

keys	description
`Tab`	swap to next
`Shift` + `Tab`	swap to previous
`Esc` + `Esc`	to quit
`Tab` (s)	swap to `> Save` to save event

Khal - at

Calendar Notification

at and batch read commands from standard input or a specified file which are to be executed at a later time, using /bin/sh

Topic

	sections	sub-sections
1	Usage	Queue
2	Command	at
		atrm
3	troubleshoot

Usage

1. interactive provide instruction

at now + 1 hour
> here is interactive
> <Ctrl-D> to save and exit

2. direct provide instruction

at now + 1 hour <<< "notify-send 'hello-notification'"

Queue

at -q 'c' <<< echo "queue with single character only"

queue (-q)

a: default for at
b: batch.
UPPER case: submitted to batch at the time of the job.

batch processing rules with respect to load average apply

Command

1. execute command at a later time

at <time>

2. execute command at a later time from now

count: number
time-unit: minutes, hours, days, or weeks

at now + <count> <time-unit>

example:

1. run script from /bin/sh after 1 minute

at now + 1minute <<< "echo \"run after a minute\" > /tmp/at_test.txt"

2. check pending job list

at -l

atq

3. remove pending job list

at -r <job_number>

atrm <job_number>

troubleshoot

1. Can't open /var/run/atd.pid to signal atd. No atd running?

sudo service atd start

Khal - vdirsyncer

Sync remote calendar

Vdirsyncer is a command-line tool for synchronizing calendars and addressbooks between a variety of servers and the local filesystem.

Topic

	sections	sub-sections
1	Installation
2	Google Calendar	APIs manager
		Configuration

Installation

1. Install synchronize with Remote/Cloud calendar

pip3 install --upgrade-strategy eager vdirsyncer

Google Calendar

Google API Manger

1. Create new project in Google API Manager

Google Api Manager
- Project Name: {NAME}-{NUMBER}
- Location: Optional
- Click Create
API and Service Home Page
Click + ENABLE APIS AND SERVICE

2. Enable CalDav API for google calendar API access

API Library homepage
Search CalDav API
Click to enable CalDav API
Success enable CalDav API

3. Enable Authorize Credentials

Click left side-bar Credentials
Click + CREATE CREDENTIALS and + OAuth client ID
Click CONFIGURE CONSENT SCREEN
Create OAuth consent screen with External and click CREATE
1. Edit app registration
  - App Name: required
  - User Email: required
  - Develops Email: required
1. Scopes
  - click Save and Confirm
1. Test Users
  - click Save and Confirm
1. Summary

4. Enable Web Application

Click left side-bar Credentials
Click + CREATE CREDENTIALS and OAuth client ID then select Web Application
Create Web Application

redirect URLs: http://127.0.0.1 ¹
Created OAuth Client for Web application

Client ID + Client secret

Configuration

1. Create vdirsyncer configuration file

mkdir -p ~/.config/vdirsyncer
touch ~/.config/vdirsyncer/config

2. Copy the contents below into configuration file

client_id and client_secret is created from OAuth Client for Web Application

created oauth client for web application

cat <<-EOF > ~/.config/vdirsyncer/config
[general]
status_path = "~/.calendars/status"

[pair personal_sync]
a = "personal"
b = "personallocal"
collections = ["from a", "from b"]
metadata = ["color"]

[storage personal]
type = "google_calendar"
token_file = "~/.vdirsyncer/google_calendar_token"
client_id = "241086233307-rdb38l3lfa7bjlfetgsg0lg2bp47hgmc.apps.googleusercontent.com"
client_secret = "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"

[storage personallocal]
type = "filesystem"
path = "~/.calendars/"
fileext = ".ics"
EOF

vdirsyncer/config

3. Discover google calendar via CalDav APIs

personal_sync is discover pair, please refer in configuration file above.

vdirsyncer discover personal_sync

4. Select google account

select google account

click Advanced and click Go to <api name> (unsafe)
Continue access calendar with APIs
Success obtained token

5. Sync Google Calendar

vdirsyncer sync

6. add category for each imported contents

append into ~/.config/khal/config depending on contents of ~/.calendars/

[[ ${NAME} ]]
path = "~/.calendars/${content_file}"
color = blue

http://127.0.0.1: redirect url will discover by vdirsyncer with random port number ↩

LSP (Language Server Protocol)

The Language Server Protocol (LSP) is a common protocol for communication between editors and language servers. The goal of the Language Server Protocol (LSP) is to standardize the protocol for how tools and servers communicate. This allows for a single language server (e.g. PHP, Python, etc.) to be re-used in multiple development tools, which in turn allows for more robust language support for editors.

LSP

Python

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

Installation

Using pip:

Install Ruff:
```
pip install ruff
```

Ruff

Usage of Ruff Linting and Formatting Example

[[TOC]]

Linting

Check the code for errors:

ruff check <path/file>

Check and fix the code:

ruff check --fix <path/file>

Check and fix the code with ignore list:

ruff check --fix --ignore <RULES> <path/file>

Example: F403 : ami_ec.py:3:1: F403 from scripts.ui import * used; unable to detect undefined names

Ignore this fixing message by --ignore F or --ignore F403
```
ruff check --ignore F --fix <path/file>
```

Formatting

Format the code:

ruff format <path/file>

Pandoc

General markup converter

Pandoc is a Haskell library for converting from one markup format to another, and a command-line tool that uses this library.

Topic

Installation

Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install pandoc

Packages

Install pdf engine packages

apt-get for Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-base texlive-latex-extra texlive-xetex

Usage

To produce a PDF, specify an output file with a .pdf extension (Creating PDF)

Topic

Margins

By default the margins are pretty large. To optionally change the margin. -V geometry:margin=1in

pandoc input.md -o output.pdf -V geometry:margin=1in

Newpage

Newpage between each markdown files. \break

sed -se '$a\\\break'  *.md | pandoc -o output.pdf -V geometry: margin=1in  --pdf-engine=xelatex

Font

Change font to match missing Unicode character. -V mainfont=

pandoc -o output.pdf -V geometry: margin=1in --pdf-engine=xelatex -V mainfont='DejaVuSerif' *.md

Size

Change font size. --variable fontsize=

```bash
pandoc nov_26.md -o output.pdf -V geometry:margin=1in --variable fontsize=10pt --variable fontfamily=utopia --variable linkcolor=blue --pdf-engine=xelatex -f markdown-implicit_figures -s

Include table of contents from heading. --toc

pandoc nov_26.md -o output.pdf --toc -V geometry:margin=1in pdf-engine=xelatex

Example

Run sample format to generate a pdf file (ex.sample.pdf) from input file (ex: input_sample.md)

pandoc -o sample.pdf -V geometry:margin=1in \
--toc --pdf-engine=xelatex \
--variable fontsize=10pt --variable fontfamily=utopia --variable linkcolor=blue \
-f markdown-implicit_figures -s -V mainfont='' input_sample.md

pass

the standard unix password manager

Password management should be simple and follow Unix philosophy. With pass, each password lives inside of a gpg encrypted file whose filename is the title of the website or resource that requires the password. These encrypted files may be organized into meaningful folder hierarchies, copied from computer to computer, and, in general, manipulated using standard command line file management utilities.

Topic

	Sections	sub-sections
1	Installation	Initialize with gpg key
3	Create password	Manual
		Generate
4	List password
5	Search contents
6	Show password
7	Change password
8	Delete password
9	Restore password
10	Add additional information

pass - Installation

sudo apt-get install pass

Initialize with key

1. Initialize pass tool with gpg key id

pass init <id of gpg-key>

mkdir: created directory '$HOME/.password-store/'
Password store initialized for <gpg-key id/pub key id>

2. Use git repository to records pass change/modify status

pass git init

Initialized empty Git repository in $HOME/.password-store/.git/

3. Setup remote git repository to backup password

pass git remote add origin <remote-rep-url>

4. Upload to remote git repository

pass git push -u origin main:HEAD

pass - Create a new password

Manual

1. Create new password for pass-name¹

pass insert <pass-name>

Generate

1. Assign a generated password from pass for pass-name¹

pass generate <pass-name>

DO NOT setup with username, this will displayed as file name. ex. nvim, chatpgt/nvim ↩ ↩2

pass - List password

1. Lists all pass-name

pass

2. Lists corresponding pass-name

pass find <pass-name>

pass - Search contents

1. Search pass-name contents, except secrete password

pass grep <contents>

pass - Show password

Show secrete/password from pass-name¹ ²

pass show <pass-name>

Copy to clipboard

Copy secrete/password to clipboard without display

pass show -c <pass-name>

DO NOT setup with username, this will displayed as file name. ex. nvim, chatpgt/nvim ↩
pass-name can being research by Tab ↩

pass - Change password

Change secrete/password from pass-name¹ ²

pass edit <pass-name>

DO NOT setup with username, this will displayed as file name. ex. nvim, chatpgt/nvim ↩
pass-name can being research by Tab ↩

pass - Delete password

Delete pass-name

pass rm <pass-name>

pass - Restore password

Restore deleted password by git

pass git revert HEAD

Other git command is allowable to using in restore

pass - Add additional information

Appending a additional secrete information in pass-name

pass edit <pass-name>

First Line of file is secrete password

Include email in this example

... (screate password)
email: RichardYim@ami.com

SSH

OpenSSH is the premier connectivity tool for remote login with the SSH protocol. It encrypts all traffic to eliminate eavesdropping, connection hijacking, and other attacks. In addition, OpenSSH provides a large suite of secure tunneling capabilities, several authentication methods, and sophisticated configuration options.

SSH - Key Generator

Topic

	sections	sub-sections	items
1	Algorithm
2	Command	Generate Key	Example
		Copy Public Key

Algorithm

`-t`	rsa	ed25519	ecdsa	dsa
`-b`	2048/4096/8192	-	-	-

Command

Generate Keys

ssh-keygen -t $algo -b $byte -C $comment -f $HOME/.ssh/$algo

-t/$algo : rsa / ed25519 / ecdsa / dsa
-b/$byte : rsa (2048/4096/8192)
-C/$comment : optional
- github: email
-f : key generated path

example

1. rsa

ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 2048 -C usrname@email.com -f $HOME/.ssh/.id_rsa

2. ed25519

ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C usrname@email.com

Copy Public Key

check available public key
```
ls $HOME/.ssh/*.pub
```
copy one of public key to clipboard
```
xclip -sel clip < $algo.pub
```
paste the public key to server: ctrl + v

SSH - USAGE

[[TOC]]

Connection

secure shell

SSH uses direct TTY access to ensure that the password is indeed issued by an interactive keyboard use.

ssh access into the remote device:

ssh <username>@<hostname/ip address>

sshpass

runs SSH in a dedicated TTY, fooling SSH into thinking it is getting the password from an interactive user.

three way for sshpass access into remote device:

provides password from argument

 sshpass -p <password> ssh <username>@<hostname/ip>

provides password from the 1st line of file

 sshpass -f <file> ssh <username>@<hostname/ip>

provides passrd from environment value

 sshpass -e ssh <username>@<hostname/ip>

more reference: sshpass usage

Transfer file

Securely Copy (scp)

securely copy a file into the remote device root path (default path):

scp <file> scp:<username>@<hostname/ip address>/<remote path>

securely copy a file from remote device:

scp scp:<username>@<hostname/ip address>/<remote path>/<file> <local file>

Securely File Transfer Protocol (sftp)

securely copy file between remote device

connect to remote device

 sftp <username>@<hostname/ip address>/<remote path>

indicates sftp >, connected with remote device
- send file to remote device
```
  put <file>
```
- receive file from remote device
```
  get <file>
```

Command

Run command on remote device

ssh <username>@<hostname/ip_address>/<remote_path> '<command>'

Authorization

copying the local host’s public key to the remote host’s authorized keys file and by verifying file permissions and ownership

ssh-copy-id -i <public key> <username>@<hostname/ip address>

SSH - disown

Introduction

Usage

Introduction

disown, removes the job from the process job list of the system, so the process is shielded from being killed during session disconnection as it won’t receive SIGHUP by the shell when you logout.

Disadvantage:

Used only for the jobs that do not need any input from the stdin and neither need to write to stdout

try to interact with stdin or stdout, it will halt

Usage

1. run a program to background

ping www.ami.com -4 1>/dev/null 2>&1 &

Response PID:

[1] 48069

2. list running jobs:

jobs -l
[1]+ 48069 Running                 ping www.ami.com -4 > /dev/null 2>&1 &

3. removes the job from the process job list of the system: pass disown signal to job

disown -h %1

4. exit ssh and re-login remote server

exit
# reconnect
ssh name@hostname

5. check the jobs list, the previous job is still running:

ps -ef | grep ping
jun        48069    8998  0 21:11 pts/6    00:00:00 ping www.ami.com -4
jun        48071    8998  0 21:11 pts/6    00:00:00 grep --color=auto ping

SSH - nohup

Introduction

Usage

Introduction

nohup tell the process to ignore the SIGHUP signal which is sent by ssh session on termination, thus making the command persist even after session logout. On session logout the command is detched from controlling terminal and keeps on running in background as daemon process.

Usage

nohup with running task at background was sent to background with prompt returning immediately giving PID and job ID of the process ([JOBID] PID).

1. run a program to background with nohup:

nohup ping www.ami.com 1>/dev/null 2>&1 &

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

Transfer file from/to remote PC

TFTP transfers files to and from a remote computer, typically a computer running UNIX, that is running the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) service or daemon. TFTP is typically used by embedded devices or systems that retrieve firmware, configuration information, or a system image during the boot process from a TFTP server, says TechNet.

Install

Window 1

TFTP is disabled by default in Windows

Open Program install and uninstall
- press win + R to open Run dialog
- type "appwiz.cpl" and press Enter
On the left-side bar, will found the Turn Windows features on or off, and click it
Search for TFTP client
- mark it for enable, if didn't enable
start install the TFTP client as indicate Apply changes, until display Windows completed the requested changes
Successfully enabled TFTP client
Testing tftp is enabled
```
tftp
```

tftp usage:

tftp command usage

tftp enable on windows. Reference link: TFTP on windows ↩

SFTP

SSH File Transfer Protocol (also known as Secure File Transfer Protocol or SFTP) is a network protocol that provides file access, file transfer, and file management over any reliable data stream. -- wiki

[[TOC]]

Usage

Connection

Connect to remote device by HostName/IP with UserName (ex. <host_name>@)

sftp 192.1.1.1@richardyim # sftp <host_name>@<username>

The prompt will change to sftp>. The following are the available commands.

Commands:

Target	Command	Description
remote	`ls`	List files in remote device path
local	`lls`	List files in local device path
remote	`cd`	Change directory in remote device path
local	`lcd`	Change directory in local device path
local -> remote	`put <local_file>`	Send file from local to remote device
local <- remote	`get <remote_file>`	Receive file from remote device to local device
local	`exit`	Exit from remote device

Guide

Local Device:

|_ Documents
  |_ A.txt
  |_ B_directroy
    |_ B_1.txt
    |_ B_2.txt
  |_ C.txt
|_ Downloads

Remote Device:

|_ R_Documents
  |_ R.txt
  |_ R_B_directroy
    |_ R_B_1.txt
    |_ R_B_2.txt
  |_ R_C.txt

We execute sftp from local device to connect to remote device in path home directory (*: indicates the current path).

*  -----[ sftp <host_name>@<username> ]  -----> *
*_ Documents                                    *_ R_Documents
* |_ A.txt                                         |_ R.txt
* |_ B_directroy                                   |_ R_B_directroy
* | |_ B_1.txt                                     |  |_ R_B_1.txt
* | |_ B_2.txt                                     |  |_ R_B_2.txt
* |_ C.txt                                         |_ R_C.txt
*_ Downloads

We execute ls to list files in remote device path.
```
sftp> ls
```
We will see the following output.
```
R_Documents
```
We execute cd to change directory in remote device path
```
sftp> cd R_Documents
sftp> ls
```
We will see the following output. Which is contents inside the R_Documents directory.
```
R.txt R_B_directroy  R_C.txt
```

We execute get to receive file from remote device to local device.

sftp> get R.txt

We will see the following output. The R.txt file is copied to local device.

  <-----[ get R.txt ]  -----
*_ Documents                 |_ R_Documents
* |_ A.txt                    |  *_ R.txt
* |_ B_directroy              |  *_ R_B_directroy
* | |_ B_1.txt                |  *  |_ R_B_1.txt
* | |_ B_2.txt                |  *  |_ R_B_2.txt
* |_ C.txt                    |  *_ R_C.txt
*_ Downloads
*_ R.txt (copied)

We execute lls to list files in local device path.
```
sftp> lls
```
We will see the following output.
```
Documents Downloads R.txt
```

We excute lcd to change directory in local device path.

sftp> lcd Documents
sftp> lls

We will see the following output. Which is contents inside the Documents directory.

A.txt B_directroy C.txt

Status of the files in local device.

|_ Documents            |_ R_Documents
| *_ A.txt                |  *_ R.txt
| *_ B_directroy          |  *_ R_B_directroy
| * |_ B_1.txt            |  *  |_ R_B_1.txt
| * |_ B_2.txt            |  *  |_ R_B_2.txt
| *_ C.txt                |  *_ R_C.txt
|_ Downloads
|_ R.txt (copied)

We execute put to send file from local device to remote device.

sftp> put C.txt

We will see the following output. The C.txt file is copied to remote device.

   -----[ put C.txt ]  ----->
|_ Documents                  |_ R_Documents
| *_ A.txt                    |  *_ R.txt
| *_ B_directroy              |  *_ R_B_directroy
| * |_ B_1.txt                |  *  |_ R_B_1.txt
| * |_ B_2.txt                |  *  |_ R_B_2.txt
| *_ C.txt                    |  *_ R_C.txt
|_ Downloads                  |  *_ C.txt (cpoied)
|_ R.txt

We execute ls to list files in remote device path.
```
sftp> ls
```
We will see the following output. Which is C.txt inside the R_Documents directory.
```
R.txt R_B_directroy  R_C.txt C.txt
```
Execute exit to exit from remote device.
```
sftp> exit
```

SALEAE

Effortlessly decode protocols like SPI, I2C, Serial, and many more. Leverage community created analyzers or build your own low-level or high-level protocol analyzer.

software download: Logic

Note

Introduction

Execute Program

Executable program for saleae software in window:

logic_exe

Home page

Home page without connecting saleae device

home_page

Device Settings

Connector settings to enable / disable displays connector and measurement frequency.

device_settings

Analyzers

This sections is customize or selection on connecting interface. Which is able to analyze connecting interface as data.

The first icon on right side-bar
Add Filter: select connecting interface
Data Table: displays analyzed data datails (ex. i2c)
Terminal: displays analuzd data / ascii / etc. on display as terminal (ex. serial)

Measurements

Measurement specfic range of signal details

measurements

Extensions

Extra setup from other users. which able to implements on own project to improve measurement.

extensions

SALEAE - NOTE

How-to-Note on Saleae program

TOPIC:

Timing Markers and Measurement and Notes

Timing Markers and Measurement, Notes

Specific range of signal to measurement

timing_markers_measurement_notes

Timing Markers

Specific timing on measurement

Timing Markers

Add Single Marker

add_single_marker

Move to specific timing of signal to measurement
Click the primary button of mouse to select measurement timing

Add marker pair

add_marker_pair

Move to begin on specific timing of signal to measurement
Move to end on specific timing of signal to measurement
After selected a pair of specific timing

timing markers note

Add some details or bookmarks on specific timing

Click the 3 dots
Add comment/details of signal

Measurement

measurement

Select begin of signal to measurement
Select end of signal to measurement
After selected of signal to measurement

Notes

Sharing details of signal information

note

RSYNC

rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update via a fast differencing algorithm.

Sync new updated/modified sources on target device, which minimum the transfer size of data to target device and more fastest.

Transfer

RSYNC - Transfer

Topic:

Parameter

-r: recursive sync
-a: -r recursive sync with permission, date, user, group and etc.

Options:

P: overview transfer progress and transferring partial
v: verbose
--force: force deletion of dirs even if not empty
--delete: delete extraneous files from destination dirs
--exclude=: exclude files to sync

to Remote device

sync entire directory to remote device

rsync -a <directory> <username>@<hostname>:<remote_path>

sync files in directory to remote device (with backslash /)

rsync -a <directory>/ <username>@<hostname>:<remote_path>

to Local device

Similar as to Remote device, swap the position of path between local and remote directory.

sync entire directory to local device

rsync -a <username>@<hostname>:<remote_path> <directory>

sync files in directory to local device (with backslash /)

rsync -a  <username>@<hostname>:<remote_path>/ <directory>

Overview transfer information

Overview transferring partial and progress from local to remote device
```
rsync -avP <directory>/ <username>@<hostname>:<remote_path>
```

Delete source device non-exists directory on target device

Sync non-exists directory from local on remote device

rsync -a --force <directory>/ <username>@<hostname>:<remote_path>

Delete source device non-exists sources on target device

Sync all the sources from source (ex. Local) device to target (ex. Remote) device
```
rsync -a --delete <directory>/ <username>@<hostname>:<remote_path>
```

Sensors

print sensors information (ex. fan speed, temperature ...)

Topic

Usage

Installation

Debian/Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install lm-sensors

Display

Display sensors information

Command

sensors - print sensors information

Display sensors information

watch - execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen

all sensors information

watch -n1 -d sensors

fan information

watch -n1 -d 'sensors | grep fan'

fan and temperature information

watch -n1 -d 'sensors | egrep "fan|temp" | grep -v "0.0"'

MD5

md5 <file>

Mount

Mount a filesystem

USB format

WSL - USB Mass Storage Device

Format USB Driver

Create Bootable USB drive

Virtual Machine Link Host Directory

Mount - USB format

exFAT

expand version of FAT32

Compatible (w/r): Macs

Benefit: utilize every last bit of available capacity rather than having it constrained by system partitions.

Best filesystem for transferring files between Window and Linux:

USB flash device
SD device
embedded device

FAT32

Create: 1977 (oldest)

Compatible (w/r): DOS, Window (up to 8), Max OS X and many UNIX-drived operting system (Linux and FreeBSD)

NTFS

Create: 1993

Support: Windows NT3.1 and XP to 8, wholly Windows

Compatible (r): Mac OS X 10.3 and latest versions¹

Heavy data overhead

EXT

Create: 2008

Support: Linux

Compatible (native²): Window * Macs

Ext4 changes crucial filesystem data structures, including those that store file data.

require third-party application: Paragon NTFS ↩
making a tiny FAT32 partition, copying or installing a program like Ext2Fsd, and formatting the remaining space as ext4. ↩

MOUNT USB DEVICE INTO WSL

[[TOC]]

USAGE

1. Lists connecting USB device

Example devices showing as below:

$ powershell.exe -C usbipd wsl list

Output message:

BUSID  VID:PID    DEVICE                                                        STATE
1-6    0403:6001  USB Serial Converter                                          Not attached
1-9    05ac:024f  USB Input Device                                              Not attached
1-10   320f:221d  USB Input Device                                              Not attached
1-12   0bda:0169  Microsoft Usbccid Smartcard Reader (WUDF), Realtek USB 2....  Not attached

2. Attach USB device

Example to attach USB serial Converter, which BUSID is 1-6 into WSL¹
```
$ powershell.exe -C usbipd wsl attach --busid 1-6
```

Check the attached USB device, will found the STATE of BUSID 1-6 have attached on Ubuntu distribution as Attached - Ubuntu

$ powershell.exe -C usbipd wsl list

output message:

BUSID  VID:PID    DEVICE                                                        STATE
1-6    0403:6001  USB Serial Converter                                          Attached - Ubuntu
1-9    05ac:024f  USB Input Device                                              Not attached
1-10   320f:221d  USB Input Device                                              Not attached
1-12   0bda:0169  Microsoft Usbccid Smartcard Reader (WUDF), Realtek USB 2....  Not attached

3. Check USB lists on WSL

Attached USB device will indicated in WSL USB list.

$ lsusb

output message:

ID is the VID:PID in usbpid wsl list, we can found the example BUSID: 1-6 VID:PID is 0403:6001, which is Bus 001 Device 002 in WSL

Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0403:6001 Future Technology Devices International, Ltd FT232 Serial (UART) IC
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

4. Detach USB device

Detach USB device to release from WSL and return control to Windows
```
$ powershell.exe -C usbipd wsl detach --busid 1-6
```

TROUBLESHOT

MULTIPLE DISTRIBUTIONS INSTALLED ON WSL

Attach USB device on mutiple installed distributions will indicated errors as below:

$ powershell.exe -C usbipd wsl attach --busid 1-6

output message:

usbipd: info: Using default WSL distribution 'Ubuntu'; specify the '--distribution' option to select a different one.

Solution: specify WSL distribution to use via --distribution

List running WSL

$ powershell -C wsl --list --running

output message:

Windows Subsystem for Linux Distributions:
Ubuntu (Default)

Specify WSL distribution to attach USB device via --distribution on Ubuntu distribution
```
$ powershell.exe -C usbipd wsl attach --busid 1-6 --distribution Ubuntu
```

PRIVILEGE ATTACH USB

First time attach USB device will need privilege access, indicated error as below:

$ powershell.exe -C usbipd wsl attach --busid 1-6 --distribution Ubuntu

output message:

usbipd: error: Access denied; this operation requires administrator privileges.
usbipd: info: The first time attaching a device to WSL requires elevated privileges; subsequent attaches will succeed with standa
rd user privileges.

Solution: Open Powershell.exe as Administrator to attach USB device

Example: usbipd's busid=1-6 and WSL distribution=Ubuntu

PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> usbipd wsl attach --busid 1-6 --distribution Ubuntu

Issue facing on attach, please reference Distribution and Privilege ↩

Mount - USB Mass Storage Device

Window Subsystem with Linux (WSL)

1. Plug in USB Mass Storage Device / Flash

2. Check all storage volume information

Get-Volume

Output Message

DriveLetter FriendlyName FileSystemType DriveType HealthStatus OperationalStatus  SizeRemaining      Size
----------- ------------ -------------- --------- ------------ -----------------  -------------      ----
C           OS           NTFS           Fixed     Healthy      OK                     ### 285.25 GB 476.27 GB
            EFI          FAT### 32          Removable Healthy      OK                     196.91 MB 196.91 MB
F           R_FLASH      FAT### 32          Removable Warning      Full Repair Needed       7.29 GB   7.29 GB
                         FAT### 32          Fixed     Healthy      OK                      65.36 MB     96 MB
                         NTFS           Fixed     Healthy      OK                      ### 84.47 MB    566 MB

The Usb Mass Storage Device locate on F

3. Mount Drive into WSL

<usb_drive_letter>: F

create a mount directory for drive:

sudo mkdir /mnt/<usb_drive_letter>

Mount drive into WSL

sudo mount -t drvfs <usb_drive_letter>: /mnt/<usb_drive_Letter> -o uid=$(id -u $USER),gid=$(id -g $USER),metadata

Example: F drive

sudo mkdir /mnt/f
sudo mount -t drvfs f: /mnt/f -o uid=$(id -u $USER),gid=$(id -g $USER),metadata

4. Check disk information, mass storage device will mounted as filesystem

df

Output message:

Filesystem      ### 1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
none              ### 2007008         4   2007004   1% /mnt/wsl
...
drvfsa            ### 7643536        64   7643472   1% /mnt/f

5. Access mass storage device

cd /mnt/<drive_of_letter>

6. Umount mass storage device, when not in use

sudo umount /mnt/<drive_of_letter>
sudo rm -rf /mnt/<drive_of_letter>

7. Check disk filesystem, the umount device is removed

df

Mount - Format USB Drive

Able make live Linux installation mediums with them. Because dedicated flash drives are plug-and-play

Terminal

Terminal

1. Locate the USB Drive 1

List disk block:

lsblk

Output response in raspberry pi 4B:

NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda           8:0    1  7.5G  0 disk
├─sda1        8:1    1  200M  0 part
└─sda2        8:2    1  7.3G  0 part /media/jun/R_FLASH
mmcblk0     179:0    0 28.9G  0 disk
├─mmcblk0p1 179:1    0  256M  0 part /boot
└─mmcblk0p2 179:2    0 28.6G  0 part /

The USB drive mount on sda/sda2

Name	Description
/dev/sda	device name
/dev/sda2	disk partition
/media/jun/R_FLASH	path of device mounted

2. Unmount the USB

Unmount device to format the USB (currently locate at paration sda2):

sudo umount /dev/sda2

Check the list of block device:

lsblk

Output response:

NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda           8:0    1  7.5G  0 disk
├─sda1        8:1    1  200M  0 part
└─sda2        8:2    1  7.3G  0 part
mmcblk0     179:0    0 28.9G  0 disk
├─mmcblk0p1 179:1    0  256M  0 part /boot
└─mmcblk0p2 179:2    0 28.6G  0 part /

Check the list of usb device:

lsusb

Output response:

usb drive still avaialble on list

...
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 090c:1000 Silicon Motion, Inc. - Taiwan (formerly Feiya Technology Corp.) Flash Drive
...

3. Format the USB drive

Format USB drive with specific format:

format as FAT32 file system

sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n 'name' /dev/sda2

Name	Value
`mkfs.vfat`²	( mkfs . format)
`-n`	label name³

4. Mount the USB drive

As drive has been unmount before format, re-mount usb drive to access it.

Create a new directory for mounting the usb drive:

mkdir /media/jun/'name'

Mount with permission access by specific user and group:

sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /media/jun/'name' -o uid=$(id -u $USER),gid=$(id -g $USER)

Powershell

1. Check Flash Drive location

Get-Volume

Output response: Flash drive mount on DriveLetter F

DriveLetter FriendlyName FileSystemType DriveType HealthStatus OperationalStatus SizeRemaining      Size
----------- ------------ -------------- --------- ------------ ----------------- -------------      ----
C           OS           NTFS           Fixed     Healthy      OK                    297.23 GB 476.27 GB
            EFI          FAT32          Removable Healthy      OK                    196.91 MB 196.91 MB
F                        NTFS           Removable Healthy      OK                      7.28 GB    7.3 GB
                         FAT32          Fixed     Healthy      OK                     65.36 MB     96 MB
                         NTFS           Fixed     Healthy      OK                     84.47 MB    566 MB

2. Format USB drive

Format-Volume -DriveLetter <drive_letter> -FileSystem NTFS -Confirm:$false

Example: format USB drive on DriveLetter f

Format USB drive locate on F:

Format-Volume -DriveLetter F -FileSystem NTFS -Confirm:$false

Output response: USB drive format to NTFS filesystem

DriveLetter FriendlyName FileSystemType DriveType HealthStatus OperationalStatus SizeRemaining   Size
----------- ------------ -------------- --------- ------------ ----------------- -------------   ----
F                        NTFS           Removable Healthy      OK                      7.28 GB 7.3 GB

for WSL: should mount the usb drive from window ↩
corresponing command: fs(5), badblocks(8), fsck(8), mkdosfs(8), mke2fs(8), mkfs.bfs(8), mkfs.ext2(8), mkfs.ext3(8), mkfs.ext4(8), mkfs.minix(8), mkfs.msdos(8), mkfs.vfat(8), mkfs.xfs(8) ↩
mkfs.vfat: Label can be no longer than 11 characters ↩

Mount - Create Bootable USB drive

Create a Bootable USB drive by .iso file

1. Download a distribution image

Ubuntu release image

ubuntu-22.04.2-desktop-amd64.iso

curl -Lo /tmp/ubuntu.iso https://releases.ubuntu.com/jammy/ubuntu-22.04.2-desktop-amd64.iso

2. Check USB flash location

lsblk

3. Umount USB flash Device

sudo umount /dev/sdxX

4. Convert and copy iso file to USB drive

dd if=/tmp/ubuntu.iso of=/dev/sdaxX bs=4M conv=fdatasync  status=progress

5. Mount should be be denied

sudo mount /dev/sdxX Rflash/

Output response: sourcve is read-only

mount: /media/jun/Rflash: WARNING: source write-protected, mounted read-only.

Mount - Virtual Machine On Host Directory

Link the host directory to Virtual Machine

Example of UTM:

Setup Shared Directory in UTM setting of the virtual machine
Create a directory which will link to host directory
```
sudo mkdir /mnt/shared_directory
```

Link the host directory to Virtual machine

sudo mount -t 9p -o trans=virtio share /mnt/shared_directory

Enter directory and the mounted directory will link to host directory
```
cd /mnt/shared_directory && ls -al
```
Unmount the host directory after used
```
unmount /mnt/shared_directory
```

Wifi Connection

[[TOC]]

Network Manager

Check Network Manager is running, Status: Active: active (running) since ...
```
sudo systemctl status NetworkManager
```
Start the Network Manager if Active: inactive (dead)
```
sudo systemctl start NetworkManager
```
Enable NetworkManager service to start automatically at boot time.
```
sudo systemctl enable NetworkManager
```

WIFI connection

List connection

nmcli device wifi list

Connect to Network

sudo nmcli device wifi connect <SSID> password <password>

XXD

Make binary as a hexdump or do the reverse hexdump to binary.


graph LR
    A[.bin] --> B[.txt / hexdump]
    B --> A

Benefits:

Without extra external tools, you can convert binary to hexdump and vice versa.
Convert to hexdump easy to modify and convert back to binary.
Text is easy to search and replace by command line, which is easier for automation.

XXD - Usage

Convert binary

Binary to hex dump

xxd <binary_file> > <hexdump_file>

ex: xxd test.bin test.txt

00000000: 9751 8000 9381 81e5 9702 0000 9382 c208  .Q..............
00000010: 7390 5230 7350 4030 d1ad 0000 0000 0000  s.R0sP@0........

Binary to binary digit dump

xxd -b <binary_file> > <binary_digit_dump_file>

ex: xxd -b test.bin test.hex

00000000: 10010111 01010001 10000000 00000000 10010011 10000001  .Q....
00000006: 10000001 11100101 10010111 00000010 00000000 00000000  ......

For more readable, you can use -c option to set the number of bytes per line.

xxd -c <number_of_bytes> <binary_file> > <hexdump_file>

ex: xxd -c 4 test.bin test.txt

00000000: 10010111 01010001 10000000 00000000  .Q..
00000004: 10010011 10000001 10000001 11100101  ....
00000008: 10010111 00000010 00000000 00000000  ....

Revert to binary

Hexdump to binary

xxd -r <hexdump_file> > <binary_file>

ex: xxd -r test.txt test.bin

Modify hexdump

1. Convery binary to hexdump

xxd <binary_file> > <hexdump_file>

ex: <hexdump_file>

00000000: 9751 8000 9381 81e5 9702 0000 9382 c208  .Q..............
00000010: 7390 5230 7350 4030 d1ad 0000 0000 0000  s.R0sP@0........

2. Modify hexdump

Modify the hexdump file using any text editor or command line. Able to leave the ASCII part as unchanged even modified the hex part.

ex: sed -i 's/9751/1234/g' <hexdump_file>

00000000: 1234 8000 9381 81e5 9702 0000 9382 c208  .Q..............
00000010: 7390 5230 7350 4030 d1ad 0000 0000 0000  s.R0sP@0........

3. Convert back to binary

xxd -r <hexdump_file> > <binary_file>

Cherry-pick binary

For some binary file, we may drop some part of the binary file and keep the rest.

1. Convery binary to hexdump

xxd <binary_file> > <hexdump_file>

ex: <hexdump_file>

00000000: 9751 8000 9381 81e5 9702 0000 9382 c208  .Q..............
00000010: 7390 5230 7350 4030 d1ad 0000 0000 0000  s.R0sP@0........
00000020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................

2. Remove the part you want to drop

ex: sed -i '1d' <hexdump_file>

Remove second line from the hexdump file with 16 bytes or offset 0x00.

00000010: 7390 5230 7350 4030 d1ad 0000 0000 0000  s.R0sP@0........
00000020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................

3. Convert back to binary

Since we removed 16 bytes from the hexdump file, the binary file expected will be 16 bytes shorter.

if we revert the hexdump file to binary directly, we will found the removed second line is padding with 0x00 on offset 0x10.

ex: xxd -r <hexdump_file> > <binary_file> && xxd <binary_file> > <hexdump_file>

00000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................
00000010: 7390 5230 7350 4030 d1ad 0000 0000 0000  s.R0sP@0........
00000020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................

Suppress leading bytes of offset 0x10 to 0x00

xxd -r -s -<suppress_bytes> <hexdump_file> > <binary_file>

ex: xxd -r -s -0x10 test.txt test.bin

00000000: 7390 5230 7350 4030 d1ad 0000 0000 0000  s.R0sP@0........
00000010: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................

Other

PiCar-X

The PiCar-X is an AI-driven self-driving robot car for the Raspberry Pi platform, upon which the Raspberry Pi acts as the control center.

PiCar-X

Topic

Introduction

The PiCar-X is an AI-driven self-driving robot car for the Raspberry Pi platform, upon which the Raspberry Pi acts as the control center.

The PiCar-X’s 2-axis camera module, ultrasonic module, and line tracking modules can provide the functions of color/face/traffic-signs detection, automatic obstacle avoidance, automatic line tracking, etc.

PiCar-X

Installation

Topic

Introduction

Newest version of raspberry-pi should process in python environment

How to enter python env

python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate

Raspberry pi - create python virtual env

before create python virtual env as link above, should enter python env first as How to enter python env example

Install All the Modules(Important)

Install:

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y
# for Lite version OS.
sudo apt install git python3-pip python3-setuptools python3-smbus

Newest version of raspberyy-pi should enter environment:

python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate

Install root-har:

cd ~/
git clone -b v2.0 https://github.com/sunfounder/robot-hat.git
cd robot-hat
sudo python3 setup.py install

Then download and install the vilib module:

cd ~/
git clone -b picamera2 https://github.com/sunfounder/vilib.git
cd vilib
sudo python3 install.py

Download and install the picar-x module.

cd ~/
git clone -b v2.0 https://github.com/sunfounder/picar-x.git
cd picar-x
sudo python3 setup.py install

Run the script i2samp.sh to install the components required by the i2s amplifier, otherwise the picar-x will have no sound.

cd ~/picar-x
sudo bash i2samp.sh

Enable I2C Interface(Important)

Enter raspberry pi configuration:

sudo raspi-config

Choose Interfacing Options:

raspi-config

Select I2C:

Select <Yes>
Select <Finish>
Reboot

I2C Tools

Servo Control

Servo Control example

Keyboard shortcuts

dotfiles